Essay on ben franklin - 635 Words

Ben Franklin Ben Franklin became famous for being a scientist, an inventor, a statesman, a printer, a philosopher, and a librarian. Today, we honor Ben Franklin as one of the men who founded America and as one of Americas greatest citizens. Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston on January 17, 1706. He was the tenth son of soap maker, Josiah Franklin. Though Ben only had one year of schooling he was educated and loved to read and write. He worked as an apprentice to his brother, James, who was a printer, when he was fifteen years old. At the age of seventeen, Ben ran away and started a new life in Philadelphia as a result of arguments with James. Franklin found work as an apprentice printer and did so well the provincial governor of†¦show more content†¦In 1731 he established one of the first subscription libraries in America, the Library Company of Philadelphia., under the pen name Richard Saunders. He also helped to found the first firehouse, Philadelphias Union Fire Company and an insurance company, the Philadelphia Contribution for Insurance Against Loss by Fire. In 1737, Ben was appointed deputy postmaster of Philadelphia. In 1749, Ben retired from his business career and concentrated on science, experiments, and inventions. He founded the American Philosophical Society, an organization to promote advancements in science. His studies oviously paid off because Ben Franklin was the inventor of several important inventions. He invented a heat-efficient stove, swim fins, the glass armonica, and bifocals. Ben’s observations, including his kite experiment which verified the nature of electricity and lightening, brought him international fame. Benjamin Franklin was not only a man of scientific accomplishments, but political accomplishemtns as well. . At first, he went back to England to represent Pennsylvania. He remained in England till 1775 as a Colonies representative for Pennsylvania, Georgia, New Jersey, and Massachusetts. When the British ratified the Stamp Act, Ben helped to persuade Parliament to repeal it. Benjamin Franklin began to support the idea of the Colonies separating from England. He returned home to find that his son William, now the governor of NewShow MoreRelated Ben Franklin Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesBen Franklin Benjamin Franklin was one of the most influential people in American history. Franklin was born on January 17, 1706, in a small town in Boston. Benjamin was one of ten children. His father, Josiah was a candle and soap maker, and his mother Abiah Folger was a homemaker. When Benjamin was only twelve years old he signed his identures so that he could apprentice under his brother, working at a printing press. Here he worked for his brother James for over nine years. BenjaminRead More Ben Franklin Essay780 Words   |  4 Pagesan historian looks at the present, he sees the effects of many events and many profound people. Benjamin Franklin is one of these people. His participation in so many different fields changed the world immensely. He was a noted politician as well as respected scholar. He was an important inventor and scientist. Particularly interesting is his impact on the scientific world. Benjamin Franklin was a modest man who had had many jobs in his lifetime. This may h elp explain his large array of inventionsRead MoreBen Franklin Research Paper1498 Words   |  6 Pagesresponsible for America’s success today. His name is Benjamin Franklin. This report will explain a lot of the significant events in his life that really made him the influential figure that we know of today. Benjamin Franklin was known for being many things including a scientist, inventor, statesman, musician, philosopher, economist, and a printer. Saying he was one of the most influential figures in history is an understatement. Ben Franklin started his young life as a printer. Although, this was notRead MoreEssay about Ben Franklin700 Words   |  3 PagesBen Franklin Ben Franklin is one of the most dynamic figures in the history of America. As a philosopher, scientist, writer, inventor, diplomat, and more he had far reaching effects on America and the world both in his time and today. Franklin was one of the first people to recognize himself as American and distinguish the people of the new nation as something more than British colonists. As an American, Franklin sought to improve the country through the creation of institutions and theRead More Ben Franklin and William Bradford Essay503 Words   |  3 PagesBen Franklin and William Bradford Although William Bradford and Ben Franklin lived 100 years apart from one another, they share at least one common theme: each man adhered to and dedicated himself to a particular system of belief. One key difference between Bradford’s faith and Franklin’s ideal of success is that Bradford believed that the way to improvement was through God. Franklin believed that the only person or thing that could make things happen was you. Bradford’s point isRead MoreEssay on Ben Franklin: Early Life1685 Words   |  7 PagesBen Franklin: Early Life In his many careers as a printer, moralist, essayist, civic leader, scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, and philosopher, for later generations of Americans he became both a spokesman and a model for the national character. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts on Jan. 17, 1706, into a religious Puritan household. His father, Josiah, was a candlemaker and a skillful mechanic. His mother, Abiah Ben’s parents raised thirteen children--the survivors of Josiah’s seventeenRead MoreBen Franklin Autobiography Summary1797 Words   |  8 PagesThe man Benjamin Franklin eventually became a man of good character and willingness to accept others. However, as the story of Ben Franklin unfolds you see he was indeed just a man. A man found to be of the same fault and human flaw as us all to which we were born, and that is into sin. Franklin as well as all people fell short. God told us in his word long before Ben Franklin ever existed. Romans 3:23 states â€Å"for all have si nned and fall short of the Glory of God.† (NIV). Franklin did prove howeverRead MoreEssay about Ben Franklin627 Words   |  3 Pages Benjamin Franklin stands tall among a small group of men we call our Founding Fathers. Ben used his diplomacy skills to serve his fellow countrymen. His role in the American Revolution was not played out on the battlefields, but rather in the halls and staterooms of governments. His clear vision of the way things should be, and his skill in both writing and negotiating, helped him to shape the future of the United States of America. His most important service was as a member of the ConstitutionalRead MoreHenry David Thoreau And Ben Franklin994 Words   |  4 Pagesnecessary for everyday life; it has become vital to a society that is ever more dependent on technology. Nevertheless, reading is beneficial in ways that listening and watching movies can never be. The works of Anne Bradstreet, Henry David Thoreau, and Ben Franklin help acknowledge this idea through the impacts they have had on readers still today. If you ask anyone about a book that was also made into a movie which they prefer, most of the time their response is that they preferred reading the book. WhyRead MoreAnalysis Of Ben Franklin And The Middle Of The Storm2070 Words   |  9 Pageslong way since they were first being discovered. That is not to say that what was originally thought is now wrong or obsolete, but rather has been added to or has been more refined. When most people think of electricity what comes to mind is Ben Franklin with his kite and a key in the middle of the storm. However, that is only one completely minor detail which led to the discovery and the ability to harness and use what was already happening in nature. Only on a scale that could be used by an

Sociological causes of Homosexuality - 4486 Words

â€Å"THE SOCIOLOGICAL CAUSES OF HOMOSEXUALITY Department of Social Sciences College of Arts and Sciences University of the Philippines, Los Baà ±os Los Baà ±os, Laguna October 2012 INTRODUCTION The existence of gender classification determines our sexual segmentation. They are classified as either males or females. These gender classifications are also used as bases of physical work capacities, clothing preferences, decisions for priority and the like. More often than not, these segmentations represent the differences of their demographic and psychographic profiles. However, the existence of homosexuality has blurred these distinguishing features. Moreover, this phenomenon has never been inevitable particularly in every†¦show more content†¦Factors included would be the existence of self-confessed homosexual characters or celebrities, fictional or non-fictional, in television shows, radio programs, or in pieces of literature that shed positive light on homosexuality. The influences by these people can be observed in the increasing number of gays who start coming out of the closets. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Homosexuality is commonly defined as the sexual interest and romantic attraction in members of the same sex. In contrast, heterosexuality is sexual attraction to the opposite sex, while bisexuality is attraction to both sexes. Like heterosexuality and bisexuality, homosexuality is evident in sexual dreams and fantasies, sexual acts, romantic attraction, and falling in love. The terms â€Å"homosexual† and heterosexual were coined by the sexual law reformer K. M. Benkert, and used in an article he wrote for a German newspaper in 1869. They were then all forgotten until rediscovered by the Berlin sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld in 1905. â€Å"Homosexuality† is derived from the Greek homos, meaning same (heteros means other), and Latin sexus, meaning sex. â€Å"Homosexuality† then quickly became the accepted scientific and everyday term for referring to same-sex contacts, between either men or women. The term â€Å"lesbian† gained popularity more than a century ago. Today, it is the accepted term for female homosexuality. It derivesShow MoreRelatedTheories of Homosexuality849 Words   |  4 PagesTheories of Homosexuality Through the biological perspective of deviance, sociologists have linked homosexuality to hormones, genes and the brain (Taylor, Thio Schwartz, 2013). Hormonal theory does not describe a cause of homosexuality. Genetic Theory describes the cause of homosexuality as people being born gay. The brain theory is much more in depth about the cause of homosexuality. It states that the size of a person’s hypothalamus will cause them to be homosexual or not. Gay’s hypothalamusesRead MoreHomosexuality And Homosexuality1257 Words   |  6 PagesHOMOSEXUALITY IN LIGHT OF UTILITARIANISM Homosexuality is the act of developing sexual desire to people of the same sex and even engaging in sexual relations with the people of the same sex. The theory of utilitarianism which was founded by Jeremy Bentham basically lays its foundations on the theme of morality. It advocates that morality should only be measured by the contribution to achieve happiness and pleasure amongst all people though the maximization of utility. It is true that happiness isRead MoreCompare and contrast two main sociological theories of crime and deviance.1636 Words   |  7 PagesCompare and contrast the two main sociological theories of crime and deviance. Deviance and crime are wide-ranging terms used by sociologists to refer to behavior that varies, in some way, from a social norm.  Cultural Norms are societys propensity towards certain ideals; their aversion from others; and their standard, ritualistic practices. Essentially the norm is a summation of typical activities and beliefs of group of people.  This essay will evaluate the sociological theories associated with crimeRead MoreHomosexuality As A Psychological Disorder1511 Words   |  7 PagesThe social argument for homosexuality dates back to the ancient Greeks. Aristophanes, in his Symposium investigates homosexuality, although not termed as such, as a desire by men to share a long-term fulfillment of the soul. He believed that two souls are longing to be together, and the sexual desire alone is not strong enough to create homosexuality, but that the cultural environment allows or forbids the relationship to occur (Heffner, 2003). The debate about homosexuality dates bac k further thanRead MoreEssay about Homosexuality661 Words   |  3 PagesHomosexuality Homosexuality is said to be a preference for affiliation and sexual activity with a person of the same sex. The potential for homosexual behavior appears to be a basic part of human sexuality, since many people experience homosexual interest, curiosity, or activity at some point in their lives. Homosexual behavior has also been observed in most animal species. Many homosexuals prefer to be called gay or, in the case of women, lesbian because of the exclusively sexual connotationRead MoreHomosexuality And Its Effects On Society Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesMany people believe and have debated whether or not homosexuality is a choice that one freely makes, while others believe a combination of genetics, hormones and environment have a factor in one’s sexuality and sexual development. Homosexuality is something one cannot choose to be. Primarily, homosexuality can be defined as a romantic or sexual attraction that involves people of the same gender. Male homosexuals are ref erred to as gays while the female ones are called lesbians. Ideally, since timeRead MoreA Glance At Modern Society1147 Words   |  5 Pagesdoesn’t know what it feels like to be disliked, even rejected, momentarily or for sustained periods of time†¦ It may even be that some of us know what it is like to be actually hated - hated for things we have no control over and cannot change.† Homosexuality has many misconceptions surrounding the lifestyle; from disease to personality traits. The social life of those individual was not the only thing affected; their rights as a human being have been restricted. Laws have been made in certain countriesRead MoreSociological Imagination Was Coined By Sociologist C. Wright Mills1649 Words   |  7 PagesSociological imagination was coined by sociologist C. Wright Mills in 1959 to describe the ability to remove oneself from a given situation whether it affects your life or not personally and try to imagine the situation or conf lict from a different perspective or more global view. It’s the personal perspective that affects our judgments, opinions and actions to a situation. Removal of the personal viewpoint gives us an unbiased way to make a decision that is fair. Removing past prejudices and moresRead MoreAnalysis Of Richard D. Mohr s Prejudice And Homosexuality 1418 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Prejudice and Homosexuality†, by Richard D. Mohr, is an essay about how gays and lesbians are subject to discrimination because of different beliefs. Mohr says that when we are evaluating the morality of behavior is to be prescriptive, or normative, not descriptive. In this essay, Mohr says that â€Å"Gays are discriminated against in several ways, including private-sector employment, housing, public accommodations, insurance of all types, custody, adoption, and zoning regulations that bar ‘singles’Read MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal And The Normalization Of Homosexuality1422 Words à ‚  |  6 Pagesachieving their goal and legalizing gay marriage. However despite gay marriage becoming legal and the normalization of homosexuality, the LGBQT community continues to face scrutiny over their lifestyle. I will be talking about the various conflicts the community faced in the past and continues to face in the present. And the various sociological concepts that links as to why homosexuality is seen by society as deviance , such as the Functionalist perspective and Socialization. According to the American

Raymond’s Run Essay Free Essays

Raymond’s Run Essay This is a story by the writer Toni Cade Bambara who describes the events that take place in the life of a skinny girl named Hazel Elizabeth Deborah Parker, a little African-American girl with a squeaky voice that has passion to run. However the tale begins describing the members of her family, the author writes more about Hazel and her brother Raymond. Raymond is not quite right; apparently he suffers a metal disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Raymond’s Run Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now He’s bigger and older than Hazel, but a lot of people call him Hazel’s little brother because he needs to be looking after. Squeaky† often takes strolls down Broadway so she can practice her breathing exercises while she keeps an eye on her brother all the time. She makes Raymond walk on the inside because he always makes fantasies so he starts thinking he’s a circus performer and that the curb is a tightrope strung high in the air. Hazel is known as Mercury because she is the swiftest thing in the neighborhood, only her father can beat her to Amsterdam Avenue with Hazel having a two hydrant head start and him running with his hands in his pockets and whistling. Hazel is loyal to her brother, always ready to protect him. She’s a person, who doesn’t tolerate standing and listening talks from somebody else, she likes to get right over things quickly. She doesn’t like much a girl named Gretchen and her friends Mary Louise Williams from Baltimore and Rosie because Gretchen’s a potential rival for the fifty-yard dash. She believes she’s tough, not a strawberry or someone who enjoys dancing on her toes, she likes to run and this passion had made her to win many trophies, ribbons and it’s because of her velocity. Every time just before she takes off in a race, she feels like she is in a dream, the kind you have when you’ve fever and feel hot and weightless. She usually dreams she flies over a sandy beach in the early morning sun, touching the leaves of the trees. She also perceives the smell of apples just like in the country when she used to think she was a choo-choo train. Near the end Hazel competes against Gretchen P. Lewis at the May Day races, she wins and Gretchen comes in second. This result makes her realize that she is not the only working person who tries hard to get things done, so she started to look her rival in a very different way with a big smile of respect between them. So there she was, thinking about all the prices she’s have got and that she could retire by the time, it occurred to her that she could train her brother to become a champion as the tradition of the family is. Other characters: * Her family: The mother, father and George. * Cynthia Procter * Mr. Pearson (Jack the Beanstalk) How to cite Raymond’s Run Essay, Essays

Ethical Advertising free essay sample

Where there is major concern is with the asset and decency aspect of advertising. Companies must make a greater effort in improving their advertisements to be more tasteful, decent and socially responsible. Ethical Advertising My definition of advertising ethics includes three components: (1) truth, (2) fairness, and (3) taste and decency (Snyder, Wallace S). These three components, if followed, would make advertising in an ethical manner easier for companies that are big on advertising.When it comes to being honest, advertising companies know that they must be truthful or they could be sued for false advertising. This part of ethical advertisement is usually covered wrought regulations by the federal government. The two other components, however, are where advertising companies are lacking. Fairness includes both the nature of the audience and the nature of the seen,ice or product (Snyder, Wallace S). When advertising on television advertising companies must consider who would be watching certain shows at certain times and advertise accordingly. Areas for Improvement Though fairness still needs some considerations, the area that seems to need much improvement is that of taste and decency, while clear cut standards are not possible, advertisers must demonstrate greater self-restraint and how respect for everyone who will view their advertisements (Snyder, Wallace S). In todays society, there should be more considerations when it comes to public advertising whether it is television, billboard or magazine advertisements.Advertising companies must look at the public as a whole and realize that certain advertisements are appropriate at certain times and in certain areas and other advertisements are completely inappropriate. Taste and decency when deciding on their advertising idea. Companies that advertise must be honest. It is very rare to see a company or business that is dishonest within advertising. There are many regulations about how to advertise and how advertising should be truthful. The Federal Trade Commission even has a statement on deception in advertising.Within this statement Section 12 specifically prohibits false ads likely to induce the purchase of food, drugs, devices or cosmetics and Section 1 5 defines a false ad for purposes of Section 12 as one which is misleading in a material respect (Miller Ill, James C). This means a company can not advertise a food product to be fat free when indeed the product contains fat. Another example is that drugs cannot be advertised as pain relievers if they in fact do to relieve pain.The Federal Trade Commission also defines that practices that have been found misleading or deceptive in specific cases include false oral or written representations, misleading price claims, sales of hazardous or systematically defective products or services without adequate disclosures, failure to disclose information regarding pyramid sales, use of bait and switch techniques, failure to perform promised services, and failure to meet w arranty obligations (Miller Ill, James C). This proclaims that anything that is being advertised for sale cannot be deceptive in any way.Due to these isolations and many others, advertising companies have a hard time with getting away with anything but the truth. For that reason they stick to it rather than be sued later for going against it, which would cost them more money in the end. Advertisers fail, however, when it comes to whom to advertise to and how they are advertising their product. TO whom and how companies advertise should all be considered under the Federal Trade Commission Policy Statement of Unfairness.The Commission identifies three factors that are considered when applying the prohibition against consumer unfairness. These are: (1) whether the practice injures nonusers; (2) whether it violates established public policy; (3) whether it is unethical or unscrupulous (Uppercuts, Michael, Paul R. Dixon, David A. Clayton, Robert Pittston, and Patricia P. Bailey. ). Consumer injury cannot be just any little thing that a consumer themselves consider an injury. Consumer injury is justified under the satisfaction of three tests. (1) It must be substantial; (2) it must not be outweighed by any countervailing benefits to consumers or competition that the practice produces; and (3) it must be an injury that consumers themselves could not reasonably have avoided Uppercuts, Michael, Paul R. Dixon, David A. Clayton, Robert Pittston, and Patricia p. Bailey. ). This is imposed so that people do not claim any little thing as an injury. The second part of the Statement of unfairness asks whether the conduct violates public policy as it has been established by statute, common law, industry practice, or otherwise. This criterion may be applied in two different ways. (1) It may be used to test the validity and strength of the evidence of consumer injury, or, less often, (2) it may be cited for a disposition legislative or judicial determination that such injury is present Patricia p. Bailey. ). The third and final part of the Statement of Unfairness asks whether the conduct was immoral, unethical, oppressive, or unscrupulous (Uppercuts, Michael, Paul R. Dixon, David A. Clayton, Robert Pittston, and Patricia P.Bailey. ). This is the hardest part of the Statement to be proved. However, when advertising is unethical there is usually some sort of consumer injury. Advertising to Children Another issue with the whole aspect of fair advertising is advertising to children. Is it fair to target children during after school programming? With children watching approximately 1 500 hours of T. V a year, it is of concern to what is being advertised during childrens programs (Herr, Ph. D. , Norma).One big area of advertising that was affected by the issue of advertising to children was the food industry. Child obesity is a huge epidemic in the United States and of huge concern. McDonalds has been ridiculed over and over on its unethical form of advertising to children. They have their mascot Ronald McDonald the clown, they have happy meals with toys in them and they advertise during children programming. After all the ridicule, McDonalds decided not to rely on Ronald the clown as much anymore in its advertisements.McDonalds still has toys in their happy meals, but they also have more nutritional options such as, apple dippers and milk instead of fries and soda pop. McDonalds also advertises more of the nutritional options during children programming. Of course the McDonalds Corporation did not make all these changes on their own. McDonalds had to be sued constantly and put to trial for its unethical practices until a change was made. Other companies like Coca-Cola, Mars, Hershey and Catbird Adams USA -? said they would not advertise at all to children (Clifford, Stephanie).All these impasses are making major improvements in the way they advertise to children, but there are still other companies that continue to target children. The toy industry is one of those. Toy advertisements make toys look better than they are. Children do not know to listen to or read the disclaimers within commercials; they just see a toy they like then beg their mom or dad or both to buy them that toy. For example, Barbie commercials should not include the house and car along with the Barbie if it is not included all in one package. There is not much noise about toy advertisement because there is to actual injury to consumer; however it is still unethical to confuse the child and could be considered unfair as well. Ethical Advertising: Taste and Decency While being honest and fair within advertising is of concern, the biggest concern with ethical advertising today is how some companies do not consider taste and decency when advertising their products. Now a days there is sexual and violent advertising every where people look.According to Dora and Job Dubitable, Today more than ever before, companies use nudity and alcohol appeals in advertisements for their products (such as half-naked nouns and beautiful women). Strasbourg and Demonstrates (1999) charge advertising with a number of ethical breaches, most of which focus on its apparent lack of social responsibility (Dubitable, Job, and Dora Dubitable). Advertisers need to be aware that whatever it is that they are advertising in whatever way they are advertising it will be seen by millions of people nationwide.One advertisement featuring a woman dressed in a racy nun costume and a priest about to share a kiss was banned due to the numerous complaints of its sexuality and its offensiveness. The saucy press ad, with he strapping Kiss temptation, was run by ice-cream brand Antonio Federate Goleta Italians (Sweeney, Mark). How this company decided this type of advertisement would be okay and accepted is very confusing. There are many advertisements like this that do not seem to take into consideration that will be seeing their advertisement.Calvin Klein had a jean ad advertising a young half naked woman on a couch with three men in an orgy like situation on a billboard in New York. The ad got so many complaints that Calvin Klein removed the advertisement. However, days later an ad of a Oman coming out of some body of water in a bathing suit that could be compared to dental floss replaced the old raunchy advertisement. Not much of an improvement. A huge slogan supporting this type of advertising is sex sells. Though this may be a shameful way of advertising it is very true that it works.The reason these types of advertisements are being made and accepted is due to the ethical dilemma in advertising. There are many reasons as to why an ethical dilemma in advertising occurs. The main reason being that the issue of ethics derives from the relationship of marketing professionals with there parties in the exchange process, including organizational members, customers, competitors and members of the public; particularly the youth (Dubitable,Job, and Dora Dubitable). Advertisers must consider all these people when advertising. Advertising and marketing professionals have certain duties and responsibilities towards each of these parties, yet the fulfillment of these tend to conflict with the interest of the advertisers, thereby creating an ethical problem (Dubitable, Job, and Dora Dubitable). Advertisers want to give the illusion that their product is the best product out here. That it will make you beautiful, attractive, skinny, rich and other unrealistic things. When people are tricked by these advertisements they are being advertised to unethically.Violent Advertisement When it comes to violence it is everyhere one turns. It is in television and film, video games, music, the internet and advertising (Jones, Tim, Peggy H. Cunningham, and Katherine Gallagher). Within television alone it was found that out of over 8,000 hours of broadcast and cable television, over of the programming aired in the united States contained violence (Jones, Tim, Peggy H. Cunningham, and Katherine Gallagher). This study was conducted by the National Television Violence.The concern with violence being everywhere is obviously growing within in the public, especially when it comes to the content of the violence. The content could include an excessive quantity, graphic detail, interactive nature (in video and computer games), and gratuitous fictional and non-fictional violence (Jones, Tim, Peggy H. Cunningham, and Katherine Gallagher). The reason there is so much concern about all this violence is due to the effect it has on people, particularly h lilied. The fact that violent media had an effect on people has been proven time and time again. Positive associations between media violence and aggressive thoughts, hostile emotions, and aggressive or violent behavior have been found repeatedly, both in children and adults, in studies using a variety of methods, including laboratory and field experiments, cross- sectional studies, and longitudinal research cones, Tim, Peggy H. Cunningham, and Katherine Gallagher). There has been over 1,000 studies, both qualitative and quantitative, that show a consistent link between violent arrogating and increased aggression, especially among children (Jones, Tim, Peggy H.Cunningham, and Katherine Gallagher). With results like this, it is no wonder many people and parents are concerned with violent advertisement. Violent advertising is difficult to assess. The reason for this is that with so many different people there are many different opinions as to what inappropriate violence is and what appropriate violence is. There are a variety of forms of violence, context in which violence occurs, and varying levels of intensity of violence, that is why one person may consider omitting violent, while another might consider it normal.There are, however, some forms of ethical violent advertisement. These different forms of ethical violent advertising appeals are fear appeals (e. G. , for self-defense products), Informational appeals (e. G. , for products that have violent components, such as certain video games), and shock appeals (Jones, Tim, Peggy H. Cunningham, and Katherine Gallagher). Fear appeals are used to motivate people. They are used to frighten target audience members in order to motivate them to take appropriate precautionary, self-protective action (Jones, Tim, Peggy H. Cunningham, and Katherine Gallagher).However, the issue with fear appeals is that fear is a complex emotion that is not fully understood in the context Of advertising (Jones, Tim, Peggy H. Cunningham, and Katherine Gallagher). Informational appeals are used to obviously inform people about the product. When violence is used in these advertisements the advertiser assumes that the target audience members are open to the information provided in the advertisement and that they will then use the information to make a decision about the subject of advertising (Jones, Tim, Peggy H. Cunningham, and Katherine Gallagher).Advertising in this fashion is ethical because no harm is intended on the advertisers side. Shock appeals are used to deliberately startle and upset the audience (Jones, Tim, Peggy H. Cunningham, and Katherine Gallagher). There are several reasons as to why advertisers like using violence shock appeals. These include To capture audience attention, to attract media interest that will result in free publicity, to raise awareness, to affect attitudes, to enhance recall, to influence behaviors and ultimately, to increase sales and profits or to achieve other mission-related goals (Jones, Tim, Peggy H. Cunningham, and Katherine Gallagher). The fact that these shock appeals are deliberate may seem to make them unethical, but they have a silver lining, which is to get a message across that will in the end, hopefully, make a change for the better. These types violent advertising are not what have people talking. It is the unnecessary advertisement of things such as people killing people and enjoying it. Just having one person hurt another and being happy about it scares people. When advertisers use violence in a joking or self-satisfying way that is when there is concern for violent advertising.However, The prevalence of violence in advertising varies widely, due to the different opinions of violence. Most advertisers seem to use violence for a variety of reasons to capture attention, raise awareness, provide information, affect attitudes, enhance recall and influence behavior (Jones, Tim, Peggy H. Cunningham, and Katherine Gallagher). That is why when it comes to violent advertising it is difficult to draw a line between ethical and unethical. Alcohol and Tobacco Advertising When it comes to alcoholic advertising, most people would say it is unethical because alcohol is bad for rows health.However, not one of them shows somebody actually drinking the beef (Moore, Chris). Tobacco products do show someone enjoying a cigarette, but again nothing too unethical there either. The problem is that these companies advertise alcoholic and nicotine products legal but lethal products that continue to be advertised against a background of cancer-related illnesses, alcohol abuse and related social challenges (Dubitable, Job, and Dora Dubitable). Everyone knows the harm that both alcohol and tobacco products do to ones health and life.Most people, however, do not know how harmful these products are and how just en puff of a cigarette releases thousands of chemicals into your body. Because the full truth is not know about tobacco and alcohol products, advertising professional should be focusing more on portraying their negative consequences to the youth in an attempt to discourage the habits (Dubitable, Job, and Dora Dubitable). However, tobacco and alcohol companies focus more on making their brand better and more appealing than another brand. There are many various ways to advertise alcohol and tobacco products.There is television (for alcohol only, tobacco advertising on television is banned), billboards, magazines, posters e. . C. Tobacco and alcohol are advertised in every way possible and they are advertised heavily. For example, young people in the United States of American view approximately 2,000 beer and wine commercial per year (Dubitable, Job, and Dora Dubitable). These advertisements include things like the most interesting man in the world who drinks Dos Squish, feeling like you are on a beach in your bathing suit enjoying the rays while drinking a Corona, partying all night while drinking vodka and the list goes on and on.This is the way companies advertise their alcohol, what advertisers are reluctant to promote is the rodents negative health and safety effects, which should be a greater public concern. Now there are messages within these commercials that these companies believe makes their advertisement more ethical. The message usually IS drink responsibly, nonetheless, that is a message that could be interpreted in many different ways, and some people do not even understand what drinking res ponsibly could possibly mean. The only thing alcohol and tobacco companies want is more customers.Not that they are necessarily trying to get new people to buy their products, but advertisers are trying to et smokers and alcohol consumers to switch to their brands, rather than convince non-users or children from taking up such habits (Dubitable, Job, and Dora Dubitable). This may give alcohol and tobacco advertisers more peace of mind, on the other hand, these advertisements still bring in new people to take up the habit. Civic groups say that children are bombarded by ethically controversial advertisements and are tempted to try these products or the features actions (Dubitable, Job, and Dora Dubitable).One company that has been questioned about its ethics when it comes to Argentina children is Camel, the cigarette brand. The Camel brands website has a description of itself that says An authentic original, Camel is a brand with a rich heritage and one that also keeps up with the times. Camels combination of a c lassic nature and contemporary flair reinforce the brands position as a flavor cigarette with a rich heritage, a colorful personality and irreverent sense of humor (Carlson, Michael, and Chris Lures). This was a quote from R. J.Reynolds, who is a tobacco giant. This description of brand personality is consistent with a strategy of attracting youth to cigarettes by signposting them as an initiation into adulthood (Carlson, Michael, and Chris Lures). Tobacco companies know that the way to get the youth to want their product is to show cigarettes as among the illicit pleasures Of drinking alcohol, smoking marijuana and having sex (Carlson, Michael, and Chris Lures). The Camel brand R. J. Reynolds described is seemingly similar to what attracts the youth to cigarettes.Also they are the same traits that would best describe Joe Camels suave appearance (Carlson, Michael, and Chris Lures). There is even more proof that Camel actually targets the youth, though they lain they do not. The proof can be found in strategy of targeting teenagers, which has been documented in tobacco industry internal letters. The letter reads: To Ensure Increased and Longer-term Growth for the Camel Filter, the Brand Must Increase Its Share Penetration Among the 14-24 Age Group Which Have a New Set of More Liberal Values and Which Represent Tomorrows Cigarette Business (Carlson, Michael, and Chris Lures).Targeting these advertisements to children and young adults places a burden on them because if they are influenced by the advertising, they will likely be drawn award a highly addictive and deadly product (Carlson, Michael, and Chris rush). To conclude, ethics is a difficult subject to asses. There are many different opinions when it comes to ethics and everyone has their own ethical beliefs. Just like people have ethical beliefs so do companies, of American companies have a written Code of Ethics (Moore, Chris). Ethics happen, or dont, in our relationships with others, whether that is advertisement or personal relationships (Moore, Chris). Imagine having to respond to millions of peoples different ethic beliefs. Advertisers are in the business of immunization with thousands, even millions, of others all the time, this makes it difficult to have a unanimous type of advertisement that would satisfy all. What advertisers should always try and do is be honest, just, and realistic about the taste and decency of their advertisement.